Objective: Neurocognitive impairments are common in both unipolar depression (UDp) and bipolar depressive disorder (BDp), yet the extent and nature of these deficits remain poorly understood. This study aimed to compare cognitive profiles in BD and UD during depressive episodes using comprehensive neuropsychological testing.

Material and Method: We retrospectively enrolled seventy-eight patients from NP Brain Hospital who had been diagnosed with DSM-5 UDp (n =39) and BDp (n =39) according to a validated assessment. Participants underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing five cognitive domains: working memory, executive functioning, visual memory, verbal memory, and face recognition. Tests included the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), the Verbal Memory Processes Test (VMPT), and the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT).

Results: Despite overlapping neurocognitive impairments, BDp and UDp exhibit distinct profiles, BDp patients demonstrated greater impairment in VMPT learning, criteria, maximum recall, and delayed recall (p <0.01), highlighting more severe verbal memory dysfunction than UDp using the Mann-Whitney U test. No significant differences were found in working memory, executive functioning, face-image recognition or non-verbal memory between groups.

Conclusion: Specific cognitive profiles deficits such as verbal memory impairments provide valuable targets for early interventions between UDp and BDp. This study reinforces the critical role of neuropsychological testing in the early diagnosis and management of mood disorders. Future research should focus on addressing methodological limitations, integrating multimodal approaches, and tailoring treatments to specific neurocognitive profiles to improve patient outcomes.